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These cynical and pessimistic films from the 1930s and '40s touched a nerve in Americans. Historians link the genre's overriding paranoia to Cold War-related angst over the nuclear threat and the Hollywood blacklist.
Critics and directors describe the evolution of these films, the rise of the Vietnam film, and the influence of the newsreel documentaries and TV news on the genre.
Television first arrived in American homes just as the Hollywood studio system was collapsing. This prompted open competition between the genres opening opportunities for innovation and employment.