Kyoto abounds with customs and traditions involving dramatic masks, such as Noh, a UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage; Nenbutsu Kyogen, comedic theater performed by amateur actors; and handcrafted Saga masks made in Saga-Arashiyama and used as protective charms. In contemporary times, masks are seen as symbols that hold communities together, offering solace to people during the coronavirus pandemic. Discover the world of theatrical masks through their history and evolution over the centuries.

Beans are a beloved food eaten every day in Kyoto, but they are also a sacred legume used in imperial rites. Soybeans arrived in Japan along with Buddhism in the 6th century and were a mainstay in the vegetarian cuisine of monks. Adzuki beans, brought back from China by the famed monk Kukai in the 9th century, are used in auspicious foods to ward off misfortune. Discover how beans are more than mere cooking ingredients in the ancient capital, where they play a vital role in rituals and customs.

Tokonoma are a unique feature of tatami rooms, originally found in affluent households. Through the centuries, they slowly became standard fixtures for all social classes, including commoners. These alcoves were places of prayer for Buddhist monks, symbols of power for samurai, and condensed expressions of hospitality and beauty in the world of tea. Discover how Tokonoma function in worship, and as places of welcome and spaces to admire artistic objects.

Expressing the infinite expanse through kanji characters brushed in shades of ink. Lying among the characters on the canvas, creating humanized works. Designing calligraphy to exude personality and authority. Embedding characters with a message for the coronavirus-plagued era. Discover the calligraphic world of Kyoto through the calligraphers who find freedom in wielding their brushes, while keeping a solid footing in tradition.

Since ancient times taiko have been instruments of communication with the deities. They provided inspiration as lively accompaniment to performing arts and continue to play a vital role in strengthening community ties. Wachidaiko are rooted in a legend of dispelling demons. In August drums welcome ancestral spirits on their annual visit. One family upholds 200-year-old drum-making techniques. A school instills seniors with purpose and energy. Discover the taiko culture of the ancient capital.

Sake brewing prospered for centuries on Kyoto's abundant water supply and quality rice. But demand has dropped recently with the increase of a variety of alcoholic beverages. Brewers search for new drinks that suit modern needs while preserving traditions. One brewery makes beer with water originally slated for sake. A biotechnology institute collaborates with sake breweries to produce sake for overseas consumption. Discover how breweries are promoting new ways to enjoy sake during the pandemic.

Wire netting techniques originated over 1,000 years ago in netting to repel birds and religious altar fittings and treasures, such as sutra receptacles. The intricate geometrical patterns can only be created by hand. Today the craft is mostly used in cooking utensils. Kyoto once had 30 workshops, but a handful remain in operation. Discover the world of wire netting through the efforts of a father-son team looking to keep the traditional craft alive through revolutionary advances in technology.

Verdant, furry moss, of which there are some 1800 varieties, has the power to fascinate. Moss makes a literary appearance in an early-10th-century poem. Later a culture revolving around moss appreciation evolved through the influence of Zen and the Way of Tea's aesthetic concept of "refined and rustic." During the pandemic, moss is enjoying a comeback, and people are finding solace in moss terrariums and other interior items. Discover the complex yet delicate beauty of this lush greenery.

The dignified crests adorning various items from Noren curtains to temple roofs are a common sight in Kyoto. These symbols of families and organizations originated over 1,000 years ago. Once the privilege of the imperial household and samurai class, they were adopted by merchants and the populace as marks of status and pride. The refined designs now draw the attention of people abroad. Discover the crests that are emblematic of old Kyoto families preserving their heritage.

Kyoto City University of Arts, founded around 140 years ago, has produced leading painters in the art world. Its educational policy emphasizes Shasei - painting from life through intensive observation to glean a subject's true essence. It continues a practice advocated by 18th-century Kyoto artist, Maruyama Okyo. Discover the ethos underlying Kyoto art through the eyes of contemporary students of Nihonga Japanese-style painting.

Elegant and practical, Kyoto's braided cords were highly prized and used in religious and formal settings. They came to be deployed in samurai armor, and their use then spread to the common folk, stimulating production. Discover the allure of braided cords through the fine detail twisted by expert hands.

The Jidai Matsuri on October 22 pays homage to Kyoto's 1,200-year history, from the Meiji through the Heian periods, with 2,000 people parading in period costumes. The festival shows the Kyotoites' resilience as they redefined their city and created a new, modern Kyoto.

The ancient capital's dignified air of yesteryear is in part generated by earthen walls: the walls of the imperial palace, shrines, temples and even private properties. Kyoto is blessed with soil of a color ideal for these wall. Plasterers over centuries developed and refined their technique to produce walls befitting a capital. Discover the aesthetic sensibilities and expertise of a traditional plasterer as he pursues beauty in earthen walls.

As the capital, Kyoto attracted craftsmen with outstanding artistry from around Japan. They made quality implements and furnishings, and the craft developed a distinct Kyoto refinement that became renowned. The craftsmen's knowledge of the wood they work and their command of the delicate processes convey the traditions that survive to this today.

February 3 is the Lunar New Year's Eve and is the boundary between winter and spring. Soybeans are scattered for good fortune in the coming year, expelling the demons that represent misfortune and calamity. Yoshida Jinja shrine protects Kyoto at the "demon's gate" in the northeast with a ritual in which the "shaman" wears a four-eyed mask. Discover how Kyotoites pray for a peaceful life.

Hina dolls, which represent the emperor, empress and the imperial court, are presented to girls on the first March 3, Girl's Day celebration after they are born. Beautifully crafted by masters, they embody wishes for the girls to grow up healthy and happy.

In clamp resist dyeing, fabric is pressed between 2 boards to create shapes. Perfect shading may result from sections randomly touching in the dye, producing beautiful patterns. Discover the future of tie-dyeing.

The Satoyama style of living in harmony with nature, and the customs that influenced life in the ancient capital, survive in the mountains north of central Kyoto. Miyama is famous for its thatching tradition, and local artisans use age-old methods to re-thatch Kyoto's temples and shrines. An old inn in the town of Hanase continues to serve the local specialty, Tsumikusa (foraged wild foods) cuisine. Discover the local customs that keep Kyoto's culture alive.

Kitano Tenmangu shrine holds the Zuiki Matsuri festival over 5 days in early October. Sacred palanquins carry the spirit of Sugawara no Michizane, who was a scholar and politician over 1,000 years ago, through the parish to its temporary abode. Residents spend a month festooning one float, that has a 400-year history, with local produce and imbue it with gratitude for an abundant harvest. Discover this festival that retains vestiges of bygone days when the district was a farming area.

Kyoto has many stores specializing in traditional snacks and treats, called Oyatsu, that are also used in festivals. Some purveyors continue to use age-old ingredients and methods, and the lines outside their stores are proof of their popularity. Discover the sweets and treats that embody the everyday wisdom of old.

Kyoto has about 2,700 temples where an array of benevolent, meek and ferocious Buddhist statues are worshipped. Sculptors breathe life into these objects of worship.

In Kyoto, the custom of giving gifts at milestones and at the change of seasons has its origins in ancient court ceremonies that express gratitude and celebration.

The furniture cleaning industry is sustained by many Kyotoites' desire to cherish and hand down their belongings over generations. The techniques used to restore paulownia-wood chests, which are used for kimono, to their former glory has been handed down over 3 generations. Discover Kyotoites' respect for history and continuity.

Stone Jizo Buddhist statues dot the streets of Kyoto. In summer, children gather at the street corners where the statues stand for lively Jizo Bon festivities. This event, where people pray for the health and success of their children, is a chance for neighborhoods to strengthen their ties. Discover a cornerstone of ordinary Kyoto faith.

The Maki-e lacquering technique uses gold dust sprinkled on a jet-black background. Producing the dazzling effect is a time-consuming process.

A pointed boulder with a large stone at its foot reaches for the heavens. The white gravel represents a swift flowing river, without using water. Karesansui is a dry-gardening style that developed in the 14th century from ascetic practices at Zen temples. Monks meditate for enlightenment in a world of rippling patterns and curious rock arrangements. Enter the infinite Zen cosmos through Karesansui.

Fushimi Inari Taisha is famous for the vermillion shrine gates that line mountain paths. As the head Inari shrine, it has 30,000 subordinate shrines throughout Japan. Since its foundation in 711, the Inari deities have attracted prayers for bountiful harvests, business prosperity or wishes for family welfare and peace.

World Heritage Kiyomizu-dera's main-hall is thatched with Hinoki cypress bark. Discover how tradesmen uphold this building tradition, sustained by craftsmanship and faith.

The eastern mountains once hosted many climbing kilns, attracting scores of potters. Kyo-yaki pottery evolved in its diversity for use in cooking and tea ceremonies. Modern potters uphold the old ideals while creating fresh works. One potter uses scissors to adorn her work with floral designs. One produces ceramics for use in construction. Another creates nouveau pieces based on research into a classical style. Discover how potters propel their craft into the future, unbound by tradition.

Karakami is washi woodblock-printed with nature motifs and geometric patterns. Arriving from China around 1,000 years ago, this ornamental paper came to be used in interiors as wallpaper and on sliding doors. One artisan sublimely imbues his artworks with prayer. Another strives to perfect the world of minimal, beautiful handiwork. Discover how artisans are propelling Karakami into the future through accessories, fixtures and hotel interiors, transcending the world of Japanese aesthetics.

In Kyoto, traditional cooking stoves affectionately called Okudo-san were once the heart of the household and the focus of belief in the deity of fire. With the proliferation of electric rice cookers, the stoves began to disappear from use. Recently more people are forgoing convenience and learning the benefits of cooking on an open flame. Some still use their ancestors' stoves in their businesses. Discover how people are reevaluating their lifestyles during the pandemic through their Okudo-san.

Shigemori Chisao, grandson of landscape gardener Mirei, creates modern gardens in Japan and abroad, taking inspiration from dry-landscape Karesansui. This type of garden evolved in Zen temples in the 1400s and uses rocks to represent land and water. In his original glassworks artist Nishinaka Yukito recreates the "imperfect beauty" tea master Oda Urakusai advocated 400 years ago. Explore what it means to recompose beauty through 2 artists heavily influenced by the giants of the Kyoto artworld.

The Tango district in northern Kyoto Pref. is Japan's largest producer of a supple fabric, supplying 60% of the kimono industry. The elegantly crimped texture makes it easy to dye. But with the proliferation of Western clothing, production has dropped to as far as 3% of the industry's heyday. The pandemic was an additional blow. Young artisans are exploring new materials to capture the world. Discover how this 300-year-old textile evolved and its ties with the ancient capital.

The traditional, wooden townhouses built prior to 1950 that dot the downtown area of Kyoto served as both living and work spaces. American Jeff Berglund, university professor and Kyoto tourism ambassador, lives in one built 160 years ago. A Japan resident for 50 years, Berglund aspires to living in harmony with nature. He honors the customs of old that are still practiced today and promotes Japan's culture abroad. Discover the pleasures of living in a Machiya through Berglund's daily encounters.

Reizei Kimiko is the daughter of the 24th head of a once aristocratic family. Together with her husband, she upholds traditions in Waka poetry and other court rituals. Sugimoto Setsuko, the 10th generation of a former merchant family, preserves their Machiya townhouse for posterity and promotes the Obanzai style of cooking. Maintaining their family foundations, they both have faced adversity with the current pandemic. Discover the joy, pride and responsibility of carrying on family traditions.

Mountainous Keihoku in Kyoto's north is more than 90% woodlands. The drastic temperature differences and the frequent rain and mist are ideal conditions for forestry. For more than 1,200 years the area supported the ancient capital's prosperity, supplying it with raw materials and food supplies. Residents carry on the trades of their ancestors, coexisting with nature. Discover how Keihoku is attracting attention from people wanting to learn the customs of old to build a sustainable future.

Hosoo Masataka, the 12th-generation of a Nishijin brocade producer, is making waves abroad as he updates the Nishijin brand with new technology and textiles. Tokyo-based architect Aoki Jun is director of the Kyoto City KYOCERA Museum of Art that reopened in 2020. His renovations introduced an open-plan that blends in with the surroundings and encourages interaction among visitors. Both share a deep appreciation of Kyoto aesthetics: one from within the city and the other from outside.